Nena asked:


PLEASE AND PLEASE do not feel like you have to answer all of them, just answer the ones you’re certain about. this is past exam for my poli sci class but i just want to see if anyone picked the answers i did to be certain THANK YOU

1.The last major speech in defense of going to war against Iraq portrayed in the video The War Behind Closed Doors was made by

a)Colin Powell
b)Condoleezza Rice
c)Donald Rumsfeld
d)Dick Cheney

2.The CNN cold war episode “Backyard: 1954-1990” began with a discussion of United States foreign policy toward

a)Cuba
b)Nicaragua
c)Guatemala
d)Chile

3.By the year 2000, this country was the target of almost daily bombings. The country’s economy was about 25% the level of twenty years earlier. The United Nations estimated that 500,000 children had died because of malnutrition and disease brought on by economic sanctions. UN weapons inspectors, who left the country in 1998, were pretty sure that few if any weapons of mass destruction still existed in the country. Which country was this?

a)Palestine
b)Iran
c)Iraq
d)Somalia

4The “regionalists” and the “globalists” were in competition to influence the foreign policy of which president?

a)Jimmy Carter
b)Ronald Reagan
c)George W. Bush
d)Bill Clinton

5According to Targ the most fundamental interest governing the foreign policy of Bill Clinton was

a)defeating rogue states
b)transforming failed states
c)promoting market democracies
d)combating terrorism

6. The Department of Defense developed military plans to respond to “the arc of instability” in which administration?

a)Ronald Reagan
b)George H.W. Bush
c)Bill Clinton
d)George W. Bush

7“Neo-conservatives” have dominated the policy making process of the administration of

a)Ronald Reagan
b)George Herbert Walker Bush
c)George W. Bush
d)None of the Above

8In the 1980s United States foreign policy toward Central America involved

a)supporting the government of Nicaragua which was fighting against a guerrilla army and supporting guerrillas fighting against the government of El Salvador
b)supporting guerrillas fighting against the governments of Nicaragua and
El Salvador
c)supporting the governments of Nicaragua and El Salvador threatened by communists guerrillas
d)supporting the government of El Salvador and guerrillas fighting against the government of Nicaragua

9The video on the Gulf War indicated that the

a)civilians in the Bush administration were for war against Iraq and the military opposed it
b)civilians in the Bush Administration were against war with Iraq while the military lobbied for the war
c)civilians and the military in the Bush administration were opposed to war against Iraq but public pressure for war led to the first Gulf War
d)Secretary of Defense was opposed to war with Iraq but he was overruled by the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

10Which president declared the “Vietnam Syndrome” ended?

a)Carter after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
b)Reagan after the US invasion of Grenada
c)Bush after the Gulf War came to an end
d)Clinton after the Yugoslavian government agreed to end its war on Kosovo

11.During Reagan’s second term a scandal emerged when it was disclosed that Reagan aides

a)leaked information about a CIA agent working in Washington
b)had been advising rebels fighting against the government of Nicaragua
c)sold arms to Iran and used the money to illegally fund the rebels fighting against Nicaragua
d)secretly funded President Gorbachev’s reforms in the former Soviet Union

12. Targ believes that the most critical element leading to the reduction of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s was

a)United States victories in wars in Nicaragua and Angola and the successful invasion of Grenada
b)the rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union with a new peace agenda
c)President Reagan’s deep commitment to ending the Cold War
d)United Nations intervention in the conflict

13.Low Intensity Conflict was a political/military doctrine that called for the United States to

a)send small contingents of US troops to several trouble spots around the world
b)emphasize diplomacy over the threat of force
c)avoid sending US troops to fight against communist regimes by supporting rebels with military aid and training from these countries who share US interests
d)none of the above

14.Events in 1979 led the United States to return to Cold War policies. These events occurred in the following order:

a)the Iranian Revolution occurred in January, the Nicaraguan revolution was completed in July, the former ruler of Iran was admitted to the United States for medical treatment in October, US hostages were taken in Iran in November, and in December the Soviet Union sent 85,000 troops to save its beleaguered ally in Afghanistan.
b)the Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan in January, 1979, then the Iranian

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workplace psychopath asked:


It’s a bit rich telling the supplier his system doesn’t work, if the formal validation plan was never followed.

< A/ by Jeffrey C/If you don't have a background in systems and software development, this response will give you a quick overview. It is far from complete, however. If you do have a background in this subject, you should be looking at your processes and procedures rather than trying to point the finger at one or more rogue developers.

Programs contain mistakes for lots of reasons. More often than not, problems occur at because the stated requirement is not really how the system needs to work.

The next most common set of errors occur at the interfaces between subsystems, the software and hardware, and between units within the software. One of the most famous of these interface problems was the Mars spacecraft that got lost because one team used SI units but the team they interfaced to used English units.

In real time and embedded work, we often see errors that occur because of the way the software interacts with the hardware. The most difficult to fix are the transient problems that do not reoccur easily. These errors often stay hidden in the code, showing their ugly heads occasionally to bring down a system.

The easiest problems to fix are those in the implementation. We perform unit test to confirm that the code meets the design (no, not code meets the requirements). Note that this testing does verify that the design meets the requirements, only that the code works as designed.

There are several levels of testing that prove the software meets the requirements -- integration testing, hardware/software integration, verification testing. I'm really not going to go into these. Suffice it to say that most mature organizations confirm that each requirement is associated with a test case and that each test case has executed.

The most important testing comes at the very end and often does not get the attention it deserves due to budget and schedule concerns. Validation testing confirms that the requirements are correct, complete, and consistent. This testing runs systems through real-life scenarios to be sure the system performs as desired.

At this point, you probably know a great deal about Collins since you've spent at least 2 years talking about it on this forum. You may be able to find out what the formal validation plan was from the MOD or the contractors. I don't know if this type of information is available to the public, but the adequacy of the plan may help you determine if there was a conspiracy of just a few people who destroyed this VERY large program, or if there were more basic problems due to an immature organization not really knowing how to take on such an involved task.>>

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